What potential complication can arise from untreated Group B Streptococcus infection in neonates?

Untreated Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection in neonates can lead to severe complications, with sepsis being one of the most notable risks. GBS is a type of bacteria commonly found in the intestines and lower genital tract of healthy adults, but it can be harmful to newborns, particularly if they acquire the infection during delivery.

Sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition caused by the body's response to infection, can occur when the bacteria enter the bloodstream. In neonates, the immune system is still developing and less equipped to fight off infections effectively, which can result in rapid deterioration. Presentation may include symptoms such as temperature instability, lethargy, feeding difficulties, and respiratory distress.

While premature birth can be associated with maternal factors that may include GBS, it is not a direct complication from an untreated GBS infection in neonates. Diabetes and congenital heart defects are unrelated to GBS infections and therefore do not arise as a complication from them. Thus, sepsis stands out as a critical concern when GBS infections are left untreated in newborns, underscoring the importance of screening and timely treatment during pregnancy and birth.